The methods and materials used in constructing foundations vary greatly in different parts of country and are continually changing. Every structure needs a foundation to provide a level and uniformly distributed support for the structure. The foundation must be strong enough to support and distribute the load of the structure. The foundation waterproofs the basement and also helps to prevent cold air and dampness from entering the house.

There are four primary types of residential foundations. Block, poured, treated wood and pilings or piers. Factors to be taken into consideration for the type of foundation to be used include cost, soil type and soil moisture, structural requirements, energy efficiency, building codes and the building site. Each material has its advantages. Concrete block is less expensive and is more easily adapted for more complex designs. Poured concrete walls are generally more water tight and are faster to install. Treated plywood is an inexpensive, energy efficient material. In areas where deep footings are required, pilings or piers must be driven for proper support.

Roof coverings protect homes from rain, snow, wind, heat and cold. Roofing materials vary significantly in appearance, weight, life span, ease of installation and expense. Materials used to cover pitched roofs include wood shakes/shingles, fiberglass/asphalt shingles, slate or clay/cement tiles. Roll roofing or other sheet material, such as galvanized steel and aluminum may also be used for flat or low pitched roofs. A built-up roof consisting of layers of roofing-felt paper covered with gravel and asphalt is also used on low-pitched or flat roofs.

The life expectancy of roofing products greatly varies between material types, for example;

The design of the home, aesthetics, building codes, geographic location and cost must all be considered in the selection of the roof material to be used in a particular home. The most commonly used material for residential housing is fiberglass/asphalt shingles.